What Is Distribution?

•  What part of the supply chain is distribution? Distribution is the third part of the chain.
• What is distribution often referred to as? Distribution is sometimes referred to as the 'invisible art' as it is a process known only to those within the industry and it is never usually written about.
• What does 'vertical integration' mean when discussing distribution?  Vertical integration is where the three stages: production, distribution and exhibition are under the control of one company which sees them as part of a large process instead of individuals.
• Why isn't 'vertical integration' so common in the independent sector? Vertical integration doesn't commonly happen in the independent film sector as producers don't usually have long term links with distributors; who similarly have no links with exhibitors.
• What three stages are involved in the independent sector?  Licensing, marketing and logistics are part of the independent sector.

 

Licencing

• What is licencing? The process where a distributer requires legal rights to exploit a film.
• What are the two levels of licencing? International Distribution and Local Distribution.
• What is the advantage of being a major US studio? US studios have their own distribution offices in all major territories.
• What three different types of rights can you acquire on a local level? Theatrical rights (cinema) Video rights (video and exploration) and TV rights.
• What are royalties? Royalties are paid to the producer by the distributors. Royalties are taken from the profit the film makes. This profit is then equally shared to the producer for theatrical leg, payback higher royalties, broadcast rights, and lower for video and DVD.
• What is the most effective way to increase interest in a film? Releasing the film in a theatrical way (meaning in cinemas) is the best way, however it should also be well marketed.
• How long does it take for a film to reach 'free to air' TV? It takes two years for a film to be shown on television after being released in cinemas.

Marketing

•  What are the two key questions surrounding the marketing of a film? 'When?' and 'How?'
• What day are films typically released on? Films are typically released on Fridays in the UK.
• What will a distributor look at before releasing a film on a Friday? Distributors will look at the film release schedule and see which Friday has the least amount of film releases before they make a decision.
• What is a 'light' week in terms of distribution? A light week is where there are only a few films due to be released.
• What does it mean to 'position' a film distinctively? Positioning a film distinctively is where the distributors make sure that they avoid releasing their film at the same time as a film including similar traits like themes, subject matter etc.
• Why has this become increasingly difficult in the UK? In the past there has been almost 10 new releases a week scheduled, so it makes it difficult to find a prime time to release.
• What are P&A? P&A are the costs of print and distribution.
• How much can P&A cost? The P&A can range from less than £100,000 to 1 million for release of film in the UK.

Marketing - Prints And Adverts

• Typically how many prints will a 'specialised' film have? A specialised film will have less than 10 prints.
• How many will mainstream films have? A mainstream film will have over 200 prints.
• What is a key factor in developing the profile of a film? Press Response
• How else can awareness of a film be raised? Advertising a film in magazines, newspapers, on the radio and cinema posters help build awareness.
• Why is distribution in the UK seen as risky? The cost of print for advertisement is high in the UK.
• Why are companies looking towards viral marketing? Marketing and advertisement are at a low cost and it is effective.
• What are the benefits of a 'talent visit'? It wins significant editorial coverage for support with release.

Logistics

• In the pre digital film age what was a distributor responsible for? A distributor was responsible for the transportation of films to the cinemas across the UK.
• How much does a 35mm print typically cost? It usually costs £1,000, however if it is subtitled it would be double the price.
• How many reals is a typical feature print? 5 or 6.
• Why do 35mm prints get damaged? They go through so many different projectors they end up getting damaged. 
• Where are prints stored? UK's Central Print warehouse in West London.
• How long did a theatrical release used to last? Theatrical release used to last  around 6 months.

Digital Distribution

 

• When did digital distribution begin in the UK? Digital distribution began in the UK towards the end of 2005.
• Name two advantages of digital distribution? It is a cheaper way to distribute and it is easier to transport as it can be done through computer files or a USB; instead of being delivered on film by delivery vans.
• Which countries adopted digital distribution early and why? China and Brazil...
• How many screens were digital in 2005 and how many are now? 211 in 2005 in the UK...
• Why has digital distribution radically altered the operating model of distributors? Digital distribution radically altered the operating model of distributors due to the low cost of film copies and digital distribution providing a greater flexibility in distribution.
• What has happened to the typical release period for a film? When a film is still being exhibited in cinemas, it is available to pre order on DVD or Blu-ray.

• What is a loss leader and why are companies using the Cinema as a potential loss leader? A loss leader is where a product is sold below its market cost to attract customers. Companies use the cinema to do this as it attracts a large audience so they will therefore want to see the product. This helps as a large number of people go to the cinema at least once or regularly.

25 facts about Mad Max: Fury Road

1: The filming stopped due to the attacks on September 11th in New York and the Iraq war. 
2: The film was going to be in 3D, as well as filmed crew-free in Namibia. This was changed and filmed in multiple formats.
3: Filming way delayed 3 times. 1st was the Iraq war, 2nd was the filming of Happy Feet and 3rd was the rainfall in the Australian outback. 
4: Filming first concluded in 2013.
5: They had to go back and film additional scenes in November 2013.
6: Warner Bros panicked and insisted someone wrote a script in 2010.
7: All principle cast members signed up to be in the film in 2010. 
8: The film was originally going to be produced in New South Wales (Australia) however unexpected rainfall caused them to change location.
9: $41.9 million was spent on advertising the film.
10: The crew spent a total of 10 months in Namibia. 
11: The budget for the film was $150 million.
12: It cost a total of $153,629,485 to create the film.
13: The films certificate is 15.
14: The duration of the film is 120 minutes.
15: IMDb's rated the film 8.2 out of 10.  
16: The original actor in the film was going to be Mel Gibson.
17: Charlize Theron shaved her head for her role of Furiosa; causing her to wear a wig for her role in 'A Million Ways to Die in the West'.
18: $7.5 million was spent on advertising in 957 nations which was across 42 different networks.
19: The film was shot in sequence, which is rare, and the storyboards were completed before the script was made.
20: Charlize Theron and Tom Hardy did not get along during the making of the movie and they ended up not speaking at all on set.
21: Rosie Huntington-whitely said it was harder to film Fury Road than Transformers.
22: George Miller likes to make it clear to audience members that the film isn't a CGI film.
23: Mad Max: Fury Road was released 30 years after the last film Mad Max: Beyond Thunderdome.
24: Over 80% of the effects seen in the film are real effects, stunts, makeup art and sets.
25: Furiosa has part of her left arm missing and in order to achieve the effect, Theron wore a prosthetic and green sleeve during filming. The visual effects team then painted out, adding in a central mechanical piece where necessary.

Representations of Age in TV Dramas:

Representation of middle aged people:
Middle aged people (30-50s) are seen as hard workers who have full time jobs as well as managing families and a house. They are seen as less in touch with technology and the younger generations.

Patrick Jane- The Mentalist:

Patrick Jane, although being around the age of 30, is shown to be traditional through his love for tea, his wisdom in areas about life, and his lack of interest in technology. This is similar to an older person, as they don’t understand technology as much as the younger generation, and in an episode he asks Van Pelt to "bigify" something on the computer which the younger generation would know as zoom in. He doesn’t get involved in police chases, and tends to stay away from the violence (until killing Red John).

Ashley Marin- Pretty Little Liars:
Ashley Marin, Hanna's mother, is shown as a workaholic during the first few seasons of PLL. She worked at the bank of Rosewood before getting fired for stealing as herself and Hanna ran into family financial issues. Ashley and Hanna's father, Tom, got a divorce which goes against the stereotype that middle aged women should be in a committed relationship and running a well functioned family. Middle aged women are stereotypically seen as unattractive, however this is proven wrong as Ashley spends multiple nights hooking up with multiple men.

Regional Identity:

 

Doc Martin Essay:

Representation of Sexuality in TV Dramas.

American TV Dramas:

Heterosexuality: The Vampire Diaries: Elena and Damon.


In this clip we see heterosexuality being represented by Elena and Damon. Heterosexuality is seen as the preferred form of sexuality as it is the most traditional (involving a male and female). The use of camera angles such as two shots show the couple in the frame together; representing their relationship. The uplifting rhythm further emphasises their relationship by suggesting it is happy and healthy. Damon supports the idea of the stereotypical male in a heterosexual relationship by dressing in a suit with this hair slicked back; along with the direct eye contact he has with Elena to create romantic chemistry between them. The dialogue between them is about marriage and how Damon loves Elena so much that he would turn himself from a vampire to a human to be with her.








Homosexuality: Pretty Little Liars: Emily and Maya.
In this clip we see homosexuality being represented by Emily and Maya. Homosexuality is a form of sexuality involving two members of the same sex in a relationship. Emily has been openly gay for a while, whereas Maya hasn't. Maya's parents aren't supportive of her being in a relationship with Emily as they are very traditional and expect her to be in a heterosexual relationship. This causes them to move away from Rosewood. In this clip we see the effort Maya has gone to so Emily can see how much she loves her. The lighting in this clip is done by candlelight which gives off a romantic and sexy atmosphere. The camera angles of two shots show the couple in the frame together as they slow dance and over the shoulder shots represent their facial expressions (mainly Emily) as Maya expresses her feelings and also by decorated the room; so they have alone time with no one interrupting.




Bisexuality: Pretty Little Liars: Emily and Paige/ Emily and Ben.
When the show first began, Emily was represented as a confused character. She was in a relationship with a boy named Ben, however she had kissed her friend Alison. After that, Emily became confused as to which sex she prefers. She ends up fully Lesbian after being in multiple relationships with other females. The music in this scene provides a lively energy to reflect on Emily and Ben's relationship. They are making out in a car which is seen as romantic by American teens.

British TV Dramas:

Heterosexuality: Skins: Effy and Freddie.






































A low angle is used when Freddie first opens the door for Effy. The music in the scene is romantic and lively suggesting she has gone there to express her love. The low angle could have been used as a way to show how in a heterosexual relationship, the male is (stereotypically) dominant over the female and the female looks up towards him as females (stereotypically) find taller men more attractive. This is further emphasised when the angle switches to a high angle so the camera is looking down on Effy to show the dominance of Freddie. A close up is used during the sex scene between the couple to show the intimacy of their relationship and to emphasise the sexual tension.




Homosexuality: Coronation Street: Sophie and Sian.
















































In this scene we see Sophie and Sian together. Sian has just been dumped by her boyfriend and goes to Sophie for comfort. A close up shows the two girls as they hug; showing the intimacy between them. A close up is used again when we see Sophie leaning in to kiss Sian. This is done slowly to build tension between the characters and for the audience to feel tense as it is unexpected. The lighting in the room is dim which gives off a romantic vibe which Sophie is clearly feeling for Sian. However, after the kiss, Sian leaves in tears; implying she is confused as to what has just happened. A medium shot shows Sophie sitting down on her bed with guilt written across her face as she feels bad for kissing Sian after her breakup.

Ethnicity in TV Dramas:

Definition of Ethnicity:

• The fact or state of belonging to a social group that has a common national or cultural tradition: the interrelationship between gender, ethnicity, and class.

Asian:

• Often shown as intelligent, nerdy, interested in technology, traditional and submissive.

In this clip, we see Emily from US TV Drama 'Pretty Little Liars' tell her father she is gay. The Fields are American-Korean, however her parents have traditional beliefs that their daughter should be heterosexual, like her culture promotes. We can see it is difficult for her to open up to him; afraid of his reaction.




Black:

• Often shown as exotic, strange, criminals and poor.

In this clip, we see a black male and female sat in a café discussing their ethnic background. The male fills her in on their history. We can clearly see how they have been represented in the media by the newspaper implying that they are criminal and having the public, in that time, think of them as immigrants who need to "go back to where they came from".



Indians:

• Often shown as poor, traditional, working in corner shops, living in large families.

In this clip, we see Zainab ranting to Carol about her gate. Carol soon after replies to Zainab by saying "the council will sort it out for you... you are a council tenant aren't you?" which implies that Zainab lives in a council house and can't afford to own her own. Masood is seen signalling to Carol to stop speaking before Zainab becomes offended.



Immigrants:

• Often seen as a drain on society, criminals, illegal, taking British jobs.

In this clip, we see hotel employees hiding themselves away from the immigration officers who have come to take anyone who hasn't hidden before they came. This shows that they are wanted gone from society.

Casulty - Representations of Disabilities:

Glossaries:

Stereotypes:

REPRESENTATIONS – COMMON STEREOTYPES

Editing:

Editing Terminology by eclarke

Luther Representations- Annotated.

Luther Representations- Annotated.

A little bit of narrative theory from MrsCmedia

Representations of disability- Donna (Eastenders)

In the first clip, 'the morning after', we see a close up of Donna reaching in her draws to get some pills. If you watch the show you will know that Donna has a disability, so the dominant ideology would be that she is taking prescripted medication to help her. However, the negotiated reading of this could be that she is reaching for a 'morning after' pill as she just had a one night stand with Fatboy. This goes against Paul Hunt's identified stereotype that disabled people are seen as 'non sexual' as she has been sexually involved with Fatboy; representing her as a countertype.  Also when Fatboy enters bringing her breakfast and sits down talk to her, multiple two shots and shot/reverse shots are used to capture the conversation. They are set as a mid shot which shows Donna and Fatboy to be equal and on the same level; minimising her disability.

The second clip, 'in public', we see Fatboy walking awkwardly away from Donna as they enter the square, showing his embarrassment/awkwardness of people staring at them and speculating about their night together. One of Donna's friends comes along and begins speaking to her as if she is a child and look down on her which is shown by the low angles behind Donna's shoulder; enabling us to capture her friend looking down. By Pam looking down, it is suggesting she feels dominance over Donna and is more of an adult. Donna's represented to be like a child by the camera angles and the way Pam slightly bends down towards her, and speaks in a soft warm tone like mothers speak to their children.

Soon after this, Donna ends up talking to Nancy and makes comments about her being a pretty blonde; offending Nancy. It soon becomes clear to Donna that Nancy is disabled too as she has Epilepsy; which causes Donna to regret ranting at Nancy. Later in the program we see Donna apologising to Nancy in the café, and the two of them begin making jokes and telling stories about their disabilities as a form of comfort and support. This is shown in a two shot where they are both on the same level, showing how similar they are because they both have disabilities; even though Nancy's isn't noticeable like Donna's.

In the final clip, ‘mate or date’, the diegetic sound of the radio helps to eliminate the awkwardness between Donna and Fatboy, as well as it showing the normality and realism of the scene. The upbeat track on the radio suggests that Donna is getting ready for her ‘date’ and is overly excited about it. This subverts the stereotype that disabled people are unable to help themselves and are always in need of care, as she is shown to be getting ready by herself. This is further stressed by the mid shot which only shows Donna waist up, which makes her seem equal to everyone else and eliminates her disability. After Donna falls, Fatboy enters her bedroom to find her lying on the floor. The low angle from behind Donna emphasises how Fatboy looks down on her, portraying the stereotype that they are inferior in society to ‘normal’ people. He bends down to help her after she asks him to get down, and a two shot of the characters helps to eliminate the differences between them. They end up on the same level which balances the power as well as demolishes her disability.

Representations of Disability.

Representation of disability from MrsCmedia

Audience & Institutions - The 7 Key Concepts.

Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows part 2.

Editing in American Horror Story.

American Horror Story: season 1, episode 1: Pilot.

Types of editing identified:

• Time: Ellipses & Flashback.
• Transitions: Straight cutting & fade in/out.
• Special Effects: Contrast.
• Montage Editing: Opening.
• Continuity: Match on action, shot reverse shot, eye-line match & cross cutting.
• Pace: Slow, medium & fast.

Editing key terms from MrsCmedia

Representations in American Horror Story.

Representations in American Horror Story

Mad Max: Fury Road- Research

Mad Max: Fury Road by Hannah Duncan

Male/Female Gaze

Male & female gaze from hannahmd18

Gender gaze from MrsCmedia

Why Did Ex_Machina Succeed At The Box Office?

Ex Machina Essay.

Summary of Monday's Lesson:

Gender:

• A socially constructed role for men and women, through behaviour and activities considered appropriate for that particular sex.

Types of femininity:

• Emotional
• Physically weak
• Nurturing
• Vulnerable
• Mentally strong/weak
• Flirtatious
• Revealing
• Provocative

Types of masculinity:

• Physically strong
• Dominant
• Gentleman
• Family Man
• Attractive
• Courage
• Self-assured

The image shows 3 men and 2 women. This shows that men, in this particular show, are the dominating sex. This links with the stereotype that men are superior to women. The man in the centre seems to be the most important because his posture is strong and his costume, a suit, portrays his professionalism and power. Even though the other members in the room are also dressed smartly and professionally, all the components of his attire are present; suggesting he is either the boss or of an equally important role. The female sat at the desk in the navy shirt and the woman in the doorway in the black shirt, have their buttons done down to the tops of their cleavage. This shows how women, stereotypically, are more revealing and attempt to lure men in by their assets such as their cleavage and collarbones. The male at the desk is on the computer with everyone watching him and what he's doing. This suggests he is smart and better with technology, as well as more able to do technical work which women are seen to be bad at.

This image shows a police officer knocked to the ground and a normal citizen comforting her. Usually it would be the other way round, however this isn't the case. The police officer has a hard facial expression, attempting to remove all signs of weakness to prove she is strong like males are who usually take on this role better. The other paralinguistic features shown such as body language conveys to viewers that she is in some form of pain as she is holding her head. The woman with her is showing how caring and loving females are as she comforts the officer, who looks directly past her and is avoiding eye contact; possibly watching something in front of them or she is ashamed in herself for falling, which could also be seen from the angle of the camera as it is on the same level as the officer.

The represention of men and women in TV drama's.

Ex_Machina- Research.

Ex Machina

Camera Movements.

 














Tracking Shot- Follows movement and can draw in and out of the character. The viewer is able to follow the characters movements, as if they were there beside him/her.















Tilt Shot- Upwards tilt can suggest to the audience that the character in the frame has dominance and power.















Zoom- Similar to tracking, in the sense that it can zoom in and out of a character, allowing the audience to see an object or character better.




















Arc Shot- Follows in the shape of a arc around characters. Lets the audience see reactions of all characters in the frame, and can cause tension.












Crane Shot- Allows the viewer to see the action from a vertical angle.




















Panning Shot- Scanning the room, giving the audience a view of the setting.

Camera Shots.

Close up- enables you to view the character from the shoulders up. Gives viewers a chance to read facial expressions, and connect with the character emotionally.




















Extreme Close Up- shows a characters emotions more. Usually only shows the eyes which causes viewers to become tense.




















Point of View- Enables viewers to see what the character sees.




















Two Shot- Two characters in one frame. Allows viewers to see two characters and their body language towards each other and the scenario.




















Mid Shot- Allows the audience to see from the characters waist up. Enables them to analyse body language and facial expressions.




















Long Shot- Allows viewers to see the character from head to toe. Viewers are able to take in their costume, and the way they act in that particular surrounding.


 















Extreme Long Shot/Establishing Shot- Shows the exterior of a building. Allows viewers to see the setting of the scene, making them feel like they are there.

Camera Angles.

Over the Shoulder Shot- Shows interaction between characters. Helps make the viewers see the expressions of each person.




















High Angle Shot- Can show vulnerability as the camera looks down on the character. This allows the audience to feel sympathy towards the character.




















Low Angle Shot- Suggests power and dominance for a character, making the audience feel intimidated and tense.

OCR Guides

Representations of TV Drama's.

Representations in TV Drama's.

Representations of me.

Representation of Me.

Film Production Task

Job Roles In Film

5x5

Top 5 Music Artists:

      1) Jack Johnson:

 (Album: In Between Dreams. Key Tracks: Better Together, Banana Pancakes)
    2) Michael Jackson:
(Album: Thriller. Key Tracks: Thriller, Beat It)

    3) Catfish and the Bottlemen:

 (Album: The Balcony. Key Tracks: Sidewinder, Pacifier)

    4) Daughter:

 (Album: If You Leave. Key Tracks: Youth, Smother)  

    5) The Kooks:

 (Album: Inside In The Inside Out. Key Tracks: Naïve, Seaside)

• These albums are all in the rock/indie rock/indie pop genre. Despite being in these genres, these albums are extremely chilled and all the tracks portray some form of emotion. They are incredibly enjoyable to listen to, and are highly recommended for anyone interested in these genres. 

Top 5 Childhood Disney Movies:

1) Pete's Dragon (1977)

2) The Fox and the Hound (1981)

3) The Aristocats (1970)

4) The Little Mermaid (1989)

5) Toy Story (1995)

• Disney is very well known for making family friendly animated movies. These are my favourite Disney movies, as they are lively, engaging, and easy for children to understand. The songs involved in Pete's Dragon, The Aristocats, and The Little Mermaid are uplifting and are an exciting twist to the films. These are traditional Disney movies which are recommended to children as well as teenagers and adults as they bring back childhood memories.

Top 5 American TV Shows:

1) The US Office- My favourite characters are Michael Scott (Steve Carell) and Dwight Schrute (Rainn Wilson) as they are both hilarious, especially Dwight who is extremely gullible.

2) The Mentalist- My favourite character is Patrick Jane as he is incredibly smart, dedicated and funny, despite his heartbreak over the murder of his wife and daughter.

3) Criminal Minds- My favourite character is Spencer Reid (Matthew Gray Gubler) as he is a genius who is a credit to the FBI, as well as his charm and good looks.

4) Pretty Little Liars- My favourite character is Jason DiLaurentis (Drew Van Acker) as he is mysterious and good looking. My favourite Liar is Spencer because I like the way she organises the group, her intelligence and how her strength influences the rest of the liars in a positive way.

5) Teen Wolf- My favourite character is Stiles Stilinski (Dylan O'Brien) because he is the funniest character as he is really sarcastic and makes the show more uplifting.

 

Top 5 Idols:

1) Michael Jackson (1958-2009):

• Michael Jackson is the one entertainer I look up to the most. I admire his performance skills, as well as his dance moves and lyrics. He was a lyrical genius and a true entertainer. He has been one of my favourite artists since I was a young girl, and I wish I could've had the opportunity to have seen him perform live.

2) Martha Graham (1894-1991):

• Martha Graham is my second idol as she inspires me everyday to become the best dancer I can be. The impact she has made on the dance industry has, quite possibly, been the best thing that has ever happened to the dance world. The legacy she leaves behind will forever be followed by dancers across like globe.

3) Isadora Duncan (1877-1927):

• Isadora Duncan decided to break out the boundaries of classical Ballet and introduced free/natural movement. This is where Contemporary dance began to form from. She also introduced dancing bare-foot, which is one of the most common things to currently do in the dance industry. She is inspirational to me as her passion for dance guided her through the darkest of times to creating her own style and impacting the industry in a massive way.

4) Yolanda Foster (1964-present):

• Yolanda Foster, most commonly known for appearing on the reality TV show 'The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills', has been suffering with Lyme Disease since 2012. She has had to go through many treatment stages to help her with her health. She has revealed recently that stopping a certain treatment has caused her to lose her ability to read, write and watch TV. Despite this, Yolanda spreads awareness about her disease, and how important it is to keep positive through tough situations. Her mental strength is extremely admirable.

5) Jennifer Lawrence (1990-present):

• Jennifer Lawrence is one of my idols as she promotes positivity towards women with curves. Many people, including the media, have criticised her body as she doesn't look like stereotypical actress' and models with a slim image. Jennifer has influenced a lot of women to be comfortable with their bodies, and has helped them to love themselves like she grew to love herself.

 

Top 5 favourite daytime TV shows:

1) America's Next Top Model (Channel: SkyLiving)

2) Say Yes To The Dress (Channel: TLC)

3) The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills (Channel: Lifetime)

4) Dance Moms (Channel: Lifetime)

5) I Found The Gown (Channel: TLC)

 

• I'm not usually one to watch daytime television however, when I do end up watching it, these are my favourite shows to watch. They are my favourite because they are entertaining, hooking and always leave me wanting to watch more. They can be very dramatic and sometimes pointless, but that helps keep the level of entertainment high.